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Sambandar Thevaram In Tamil Pdf - Download Free Apps. It is noteworthy that these terms are also traceable in sangam period works. Periya Puranam, the eleventh- century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the Tirumurai primarily had references only to Tevaram and subsequently expanded to 1.

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The Thevaram (Tamil: தேவாரம்Thēvāram) denotes the first seven volumes of the Tirumurai, the twelve-volume collection of Śaiva devotional poetry. All seven volumes are dedicated to the works of the three most prominent Tamil poets of the 7th century, the Nayanars - Sambandar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar.^[1]^[2]^[3] The singing of Thevaram is continued as a hereditary practise in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.^[4]

In the tenth century, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, a collection of these songs was found abandoned in the Chidambaram temple, along with other religious literary works, and collated by Nambiyandar Nambi. It is during the Chola dynasty that Saivism came of age and Thevaram, with its body of texts on rituals, philosophy and theology, was canonized.^[5] The 276 temples revered by these verses are called paadal petra thalam and another 276 places having Shiva temples that are casually mentioned in the verses are classified as vaipu sthalam. It was Thevaram for Saivism and Nalayira Divya Prabandam for Vaishanvism. There are 796 of these songs with a total of more than 8200 stanzas.^[6] The three poets were not only involved in portraying their personal devotion to Shiva, but also involved a community of believers through their songs.^[7] It is one of the important sources of Tamil Bhakti, a movement that inspired the agricultural community.^[8]

Name[edit]

The word Dēvāram means garland of poems to the lord

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Evolution[edit]

Three stages have been identified in the evolution of Thevaram - first is the mark of Shiva as the supreme deity during the 7th - 9th century, the second involved Chola kings initiating the compilation of all the hymns and installing the images of the 3 saint poets during the 10th to 11th century and the last being the restructuring done by the pontiffs of the mathas who incorporated the hymns into Saiva Siddantha canon in the 13th century.^[9] Both the Saiva and Vaishnava textual tradition negated the Vedic orthodoxy and Smartha tradition practised during the era.^[10] The authority of the hymns were established with the Saivities calling the Tevaram as Tamil Marai (meaning Tamil Veda), while Vaishnavities called the Nalayira Divya Prabandham as Dravida Veda.^[10] The usage of Sanskrit liturgies for religion was overcome with the usage of Tamil in both Tevaram and Prabandham.^[11] Sangam literature established the convention of akam (internally orineted) and puram (externally orientated) poetry.^[11] Though influence of Sangam literature is often seen in Thevaram, the strict conventions were not followed.^[11] The verses were more oriented towards folk tradition, which was easily accessible to people.^[11]

Poets[edit]

The first three Tirumurais (meaning parts) of Tevaram are composed by Thiru GnaanaSambanthar, the next three by Appar and the seventh one is composed by Sundarar. Appar and Thiru GnaanaSambanthar lived around the 7th century, while Sundarar lived in the 8th century. During the Pallava period these three travelled extensively around Tamil Nadu offering discourses and songs characterised by an emotional devotion to Shiva and objections to Vaishnavism, Jainism and Buddhism.^[12]

Thiru GnaanaSambanthar is a 7th-century Holy Guru Paramaachariyaar (The great Teacher) born in SeeKaazhi, now wrongly called Sirkali, and was believed to be breastfed by the goddess umadevi also called as Parvati, whereupon he sang the first hymn. On the request of queen of Pandya Nadu, Thiru GnaanaSambanthar went on pilgrimage to south, defeated Jains in debate, the Jains' provocation of Sambandar by burning his house and challenging him to debate, and Thiru GnaanaSambanthar's eventual victory over them^[13]^[14] He was a contemporary of Appar, another Saiva saint.^[15] Information about Sambandhar comes mainly from the Periya Puranam, the eleventh-century Tamil book on the Nayanars that forms the last volume of the Tirumurai, along with the earlier Tiruttondartokai, poetry by Cuntarar and Nambiyandar Nambi's Tiru Tondar Tiruvandadi. A Sanskrithagiography called Brahmapureesa Charitam is now lost. The first volumes of the Tirumurai contain three hundred and eighty-four poems of Sambanthar (in 4181 stanzas), all that survive out of a reputed more than 10,000 hymns.^[16] ThiruGnaanaSambanthar merged with Lord around the age of 16 in 655 CE on the day of his marriage. His verses were set to tune by ThiruNeelaKanda Yaazhpaanar, who is set to have accompanied the musician on his yal or lute.^[17]

Appar (aka Tirunavukkarasar) was born during the 7th century in Tiruvamur, Tamil Nadu, his childhood name for Marulneekiar. His sister, Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in action. When his sister was about to end her life, he pleaded with her not to leave him alone in the world.^[17] She decided to lead an ascetic life and bring up her only brother. During boyhood, Appar was very much interested in Jainism and started studying its scriptures. He went away from home and stayed in their monastery and was renamed Darmasena.^[18] Details of Appar's life are found in his own hymns and in Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (the last book of the Tirumurai). Appar had travelled to nearby Patalipura to join a Jain monastery where he was given the name Dharmasena. 'Seeing the transient, ephemeral world he decided to probe into truth through renunciation.'^[19] After a while, afflicted by a painful illness, Dharmasena returned home.^[20] He prayed for relief at the Siva temple where his sister served and was cured by Lord. Lord gave the name 'ThiruNaavukkuArasar'. He was also involved in converting the Pallava king, Mahendravarman to Saivism.^[21] This was also the period of resurrection of the smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples by his verses^[21] and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples called uzhavaarappani. He was called Tirunavukkarasu, meaning the 'King of divine speech'.^[22] He extolled Siva in 49,000 stanzas out of